Video-based training programs Essay Example for Free

Video-based training programs Essay Video-based training programs are being implemented at an ever-increasing rate across the country. While this type of training should certainly not be the only method that is used to train your employees, it is very effective and can offer significant advantages over other training methods. ADVANTAGES There are many advantages to video-based training. However, only the most significant ones are discussed here. Save Development Time. You can shorten your training cycle because you will have the ability to deliver â€Å"just-in-time† training where and when you need it. Facilitation materials with activities and discussion points can be used in whole or in part to create training events that run anywhere from one to four hours. Add Variety to the Delivery Mix. Workshops and lectures can become routine and boring. Video provides a change of pace and can add an entertainment factor that is not possible in a live presentation. Videos can also be used to supplement a face-to-face workshop to stimulate discussion, demonstrate concepts that could not otherwise be presented, and provide meaningful examples of the topic at hand. The more the senses are engaged in the content, the more the participants will learn. Build a Resource Library. Building a video and/or DVD library allows you to offer a broader range of training. You will no longer be limited to custom in-house development or scheduled classroom events. Trainees can check out a DVD or access video training online. RECOMMENDATION Video-based training materials save your organization time and money, and they make your business look progressive. Because they help build learning retention, they can also improve the return on your training investment. The next step should be a formal review of your training needs and an evaluation report to be completed by a professional video-based training firm with a proven track record.

The Needs For Sustainable Crop Production Methods Environmental Sciences Essay

The Needs For Sustainable Crop Production Methods Environmental Sciences Essay With the world population projected to be 9 billion by 2050 and doubling of the global food demand there is need for increased food production to feed the increasing mouths. In a bid to increase sustainable arable crop productivity three important tasks need to be done: (1) increasing crop yield per unit of land area, (2) increasing crop yield per unit of nutrients applied and (3) increasing crop yield per unit of water used. However, sustaining continuous arable crop productivity for future generations without compromising environmental integrity and public heath still remains uncertain due to fundamental shifts in politics, policies and incentives, institutions and technological advances (Tilman et al., 2002). 1.1 Sustainable arable crop production Sustainable agriculture is defined as practices that meet societal needs for food and fibre, ecosystem services for healthy lives by maximizing the net benefits to society when all costs and benefits of the practices are considered for both the present and future generations (Tilman et al., 2002; Bjà ¶rklund et al., 2009). Sustainable arable crop production can be achieved by using ecologically sound management technologies to achieve long-term sustainable yields. It requires production economics aspects as well as considering vital issues of ecological stability and sustainability through restoration of agricultural diversity and landscape (Altieri, 1995). Sustainable arable crop production should aim at meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of the future generation to meet their needs (Chizari and Ommani, 2009). In my own opinion, sustainable arable crop production involves the management, use and conservation of productive resources in a manner that ensures continuous provision for all needs of the present and future generation. 1.2 Types of agriculture Agricultural types influence the level of food production and impact on environmental sustainability. They are largely influenced by culture, soil type; international, regional or individual government polices as well as advances in science and technology. A wide range of agricultural practices are exercised under the different agricultural types. These include: use of agro-chemicals like synthetic fertilizer, herbicides, fungicides and nematicides, irrigation and use of genetically modified varieties. Organic agriculture Organic (biological or biodynamic) farming is an agricultural production system which seeks to avoid the direct and routine use of synthetically compounded chemicals like fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides, fungicides, nematicides, growth regulators and all biocides in order to minimise environmental degradation at both micro and macro levels (Lampkin, 2002; Altieri, 1995; Hole et al., 2005; Ammann, 2008). The tools for organic farming include; crop rotation, tillage, time of sowing, varietal resistance and diversification and biological control. Organic farming is currently practiced in more than 150 countries and occupies 35 million ha of agricultural land globally (IFOAM, 2009). Conservational agriculture Conservational agriculture is an integrated approach to crop management which minimises soil cultivation and utilises agrochemicals in a manner to reduce disruption of natural biological processes. Its key features include: minimum mechanical soil disturbance, permanent soil cover and diversified crop rotations. Conservational agriculture has been advocated for by the FAO in developing countries like Brazil, Burkina Faso and India and has reaped significant benefits like increased crop and livestock productivity and biodiversity conservation (http://www.fao.org/ag/ca/) The agricultural practices under organic and conservational agriculture have been reported to significantly reduce the use of agrochemicals and tillage operations since they rely more on rotations, use of farmyard manure and crop residues to optimize productivity. This has resulted into a reduction in the emission of GHGs like CO2 and N2O (Chizari and Ommani, 2009; Brookes and Barfoot, 2008). Conventional agriculture In conventional farming, farmers can use agrochemicals like synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides, fungicides, nematicides in their farming operations extensively without any restrictions (Altieri, 1995). Conventional farming heavily relies on the application of a range of modern management systems and external inputs to achieve high yields (Hole et al., 2005). The efficient use of nutrients by hybrid varieties achieved through precision agriculture practiced under large-scale intensive farming results into high yields compared to organic farming (Tilman et al., 2002) Agroforestry Agroforestry denotes a sustainable land and crop management system; that strives to increase yields by combining production of woody forestry crops with arable crops and or animals simultaneously or sequentially on the same unit of land. It incorporates four main characteristics and these include: structure, sustainability, increased productivity and socioeconomic. Structurally agroforestry systems are grouped as: agrisilviculture, silvo-pastoral, agro-silvo-pastoral and multipurpose forest tree production (Farrell and Altieri, 1995). Polyculture cropping system Polyculture involves the growing of crops in mixtures or intercrops; annual crops with annuals, annuals with perennials or perennials with perennials grown in a spatial and temporal manner (Liebman, 1995). However, mixed agriculture is inhibited by the land tenure system and design of farm machinery. 1.3 Impact of agricultural types on sustainable arable crop production Organic farming Sustainable arable crop productivity requires proper management of soil fertility and biodiversity conservation. The productivity of or ­ganically grown food has increased annually by 15 percent with a global market worth US$50 billion per year mainly in developed countries. Organic farming has well established practices that simultaneously mitigate climate change, build resilient farming systems, soil structure and fertility and increase biodiversity which builds resistance to storms and increased pest and disease pressure (IFOAM, 2009). Organic farming is reported to increase species richness with an average of 30% higher than conventional farming systems. However, other studies have indicated a 16% negative effect on species diversity due to organic farming. Literature shows that some organisms are more abundant in an organic farming system for instance; weeds, predators like carabid, beetles and spiders. In addition, non-predatory species were more abundant under the convention al farming system thus natural enemies are negatively affected by conventional management. Organic farming practices are believed to be more environmental friendly than intensive agriculture which is dependent on the routine use of herbicides, pesticides and inorganic nutrient applications in the production of crops and animals (Bengtsson et al., 2005). However, practicing organic farming requires careful planning, management and decision making in order to establish a viable system and maintain farm income. The rotational design, crop types and varieties and timely soil management are important in maximising crop productivity in organic farming (HGCA, 2008). Below are some principle agronomic practices used in organic farming! Push and pull approach The push and pull technology has significantly resulted into increased arable productivity in many parts of the world. In East Africa (EA), the technology has been exploited to maintain soil fertility, control pests and parasitic weed; Striga. Lepidopteran stem borers like: Chilo partellus, Eldana saccharina, Busseola fusca and Sesamia calamistis cause 50% yield losses to maize, sorghum and sugarcane. This technology integrated with other crop management approaches has contributed to the sustainable production of maize in EA by increasing farmers yields from 1 t/ha to 3.5t/ha with minimal inputs and currently used by 25,000 small holder farmers. The technology involves intercropping maize with a repellent plant (Desmodium) and planting an attractive trap plant (Napier grass) as a border crop around the intercrop. Gravid stem borer females are repelled from the target crop by stimuli and simultaneously attracted to the trap crop, leaving the target crop protected. Desmodium produces some root exudates which stimulate the germination of Striga seeds and others inhibit their growth after germination. This combination provides a novel means of in situ reduction of the Striga seed bank. Desmodium also acts perennial cover crop and able to exert its Striga control effect and together with Napier grass protect fragile soils from erosion. Desmoduim fixes nitrogen, conserves soil moisture, enhances arthropod abundance and diversity and improves soil organic matter thereby enabling cereal cropping systems to be more resilient and adaptable to climate change while providing essential ecosystem services and making farming systems more r obust and sustainable (Cook et al., 2007). Table 1: Push and pull strategies used in arable crop production Target insect Protected source Country Push Pull Population regulation used Cotton bollworm Cotton Australia Oviposition deterrent: neem Trap crop: maize with sugar bait Insecticides, pyrethroides Pollen beetle (Meligethes aeneus) Oilseed rape (Brassica napus) UK Non-hostile repellents: lavender Trap crop: turnip rape InsectidesBiopesticide: (Metarhizium anipsoliae) Adopted from (Cook et al., 2007) Biological control Biological control involves the use of parasites, predators or pathogens to maintain another organisms population at a lower average than would occur in a naturally in their absence. The aim is to reduce and achieve long term stabilization of weeds and pests. The technique has been utilised to control the Japanese knotweed, Fallopia japonica using Aphalara itadori (http://www.cabi.org/japaneseknotweedallaiance/). Most biological control studies have been largely successful on a small scale and have reduced the reliance on pesticides, insecticides and herbicides thus conserving biodiversity. Despite of its potential for biodiversity conservation, organic farming has been reported to have limited output and productivity. This could be attributed to the limited use of synthetic fertilizers which results into unavailability of important soil nutrients, increased perennial weeds, pests and diseases. As a result, the organic fields are abandoned in the long run or farmers adopt conventional farming practices. All the different types of agriculture should be managed in a precautionary and responsible manner to protect the health and well-being of current and future generations and the environment (Ammann, 2008). 2.0 SCIENTIFIC ADVANCES Scientific advances have significantly contributed to the sustainable production of arable crops to feed the increasing global population. These range from the discovery of the DNA structure and genetics by Craig and Watson and Gregor Mendel respectively to high throughput genomics-based approaches. They have been exploited by plant breeders to generate genetic diversity among crop species by crossing varieties with desired characteristics, use of mutations; chemical mutagens like gamma, x- and ÃŽÂ ²-rays. Other scientific advances that have contributed to sustainable arable crop production include; discovery of agrochemicals like fertilizers, herbicides, pesticides, insecticides, fungicides and nematicides; agricultural machinery and equipments like; tractors, planters, harvesters, ploughs, sprayers and irrigation equipments which facilitate precision agriculture. 2.1 Impact of scientific advances on sustainable arable crop productivity Many factors impact on arable crop productivity and these include: land, climate change, production economics, legislation, breeding, labour and management and agronomic practices. Scientific advances in plant breeding are reported to have a significant impact on sustainable arable crop productivity (Tong et al., 2003). Plant breeding Conventional breeding Advances through conventional breeding and genetic transformation have provided genetic change to crops like wheat, rice, maize, cotton, soybean resulting into sustainable increased yields. These approaches have been used to exploit heterosis and feed the increasing world population; circumnavigate the effects of climate change by producing drought tolerant and disease and pest resistant varieties. For instance, the production of new rice for Africa (NERICA) a cross between Oryza sativa indigenous to India and West African native Oryza glaberrima through inter-specific hybridization. The drought and weed resistant variety is widely adopted and cultivated under the rainfed systems in SSA (Dingkuhna et al., 1999). Its cultivation has resulted into a reduction in paddy rice growing which emits GHGs: N2O and CH4 thus mitigating the adverse effects of global warming through destruction of the Ozone layer. In addition, world wheat production increased significantly due to the adoption of h ybrid dwarf wheat varieties and use of agro chemicals. The hybrids have a short stature, resistant to lodging and early maturing (Peng et al., 1999). In the UK wheat yields were reported to be increasing with an average of 110kgha-1 annually though further increase in sustainable wheat productivity can be achieved through by breeding resource use efficient varieties (Austin, 1999). Genetic Transformation Globally, transgenic crops are cultivated in 23 countries and occupy 114.3 million ha of land with an average increase of more than 12% annually. The number of transgenic crop traits and hectares planted are predicted to double by 2015. The use of rDNA technology in plant breeding has resulted into sustainable arable crop production through biodiversity conservation. This has been achieved by reducing pesticides and herbicides use and adoption of reduced tillage practices (Craig et al., 2008; Bitista and Oliveira, 2009; Hillocks, 2009). The development of insect resistant transgenic cultivars like Bt cotton transformed with Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) gene which controls the production and expression an endotoxin within the plant to control Lepidopteran tobacco budworm, cotton bollworm and pink bollworm pests does not require pesticides. Bacillus thuringiensis has been used as an organic pesticide for decades and poses no threat to biodiversity which makes crops transformed with the Bt gene acceptable on the organic market and have an adoption rate of over 66% and 85% in China and South Africa respectively (Hillocks, 2009). Despite of its potential in ensuring sustainable arable crop production; GM technology has been criticised by anti GM activists as a threat to biodiversity. Concerns of horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance markers (ARMs), allergenicity and toxicity of the new GM food products have been reported as possible threats to biodiversity (Craig et al., 2008; Bitista and Oliveira, 2009). The use of insect and herbicide resistant varieties has resulted into emergence of new pests and herbicides resistant weeds due to selection pressure which results into secondary pests becoming major pests. GMOs contain ARM genes which are used in the selection process during transformation. The ARM commonly used is Neomycin phosphotranferase II (nptII) which inactivates the aminoglycoside antibiotics neomycin and kanamycin. There is concern that ARMs when introduced into food or the environment could drive the evolution of drug-resistant bacteria by functioning as sources of antibiotic resistance (Craig et al., 2008). Several transgenic plants constructed to be resistant to herbicides, insecticides or diseases are transformed with genetic material containing genes coding for compounds like antimicrobial agents. These could affect non target microbiota such as nitrogen-fixing bacteria, mycorrhizal fungi and other beneficial soil microorganisms. For instance; a reduction in the colonisation potential of mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae has been attributed to the production of anti-fungal pathogenesis-related proteins from a transgenic tobacco plant containing ÃŽÂ ²-1, 3-glucanase (Araujo and Azevedo, 2003). Using insect resistant transgenic canola increases fitness in oilseed rape varieties expressing the Bt gene. However, pollen flow between canola cultivars with different herbicide resistance traits resulted into gene stacking causing genetic contamination of seed. In addition, gene flow can lead to development volunteer oil seed rape with multiple tolerance to several herbicides due pollination between adjacent crops (Natarajan and Turna, 2007). Controlling these super weeds requires toxic herbicides like 2, 4-D and paraquat which are hazardous to man and the environment. Agrochemicals The use of agrochemicals like inorganic fertilizers (NPK) during crop production has increased world crop productivity and reduced the rate of encroachment on natural ecosystem like forests and virgin land (Tilman et al., 2002). The increased use of fertilizers has been a major contributing factor to the increase in yield growth in developing countries since the Green Revolution. In addition, globally fertilizer use has plateaued due to a decline in its use in industrial countries and Soviet Union countries after joining the market economy (Fischer et al., 2009). In China increase in cereal production has been attributed to introduction of agrochemicals; yields increased from 1.21 t/ha in 1961 to 4.83 t/ha in 1998 (Tong et al., 2003). It is presumed that the historical decline in crop yields is due to the genetic ceiling for maximal yield potential being reached. Figure 1: Long-term trends of wheat yields in selected countries (Fischer et al., 2009) Despite their potential increased use of agrochemicals has resulted into environmental pollution, eutrophication of water bodies and global warming due to its emission of GHGs and stratospheric ozone depletion (Tong et al., 2003). Environmental pollution is due to nitrate leaching into ground water causing nitrate toxicity due to elevated nitrate levels in drinking water; chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) released from fertilizers applied as aerosols. Eutrophication results into death of aquatic fauna and flora hence threatening biodiversity. Technology Advances in scientific technology like agricultural engineering and development of modern farm equipments and machinery has boosted the agricultural sector and is one of the factors that will ensure sustainable arable crop productivity. The growth of irrigated area has expanded steadily over the last decade at 0.6 percent annually in developing countries and irrigation technology accounts for 0.2 percent in overall cereal yields from 1991-2007 (Fischer et al., 2009). Irrigation equipments like sprinklers have significantly contributed to the continued cultivation of arable crops throughout the year and under drought conditions. Farm machinery like combine harvesters, sprayer, planters, ploughs among others have helped in the efficient management of farm operations. However, the use of fuels by farm machinery during farm operations has been cited as a source of GHG, CO2 leading to an increase in atmospheric CO2 levels (Brookes and Barfoot, 2008). 2.2 Impact of science and policies on sustainable crop production The government land laws and policies, product prices and social economic factors like population migration, urbanization and world trade play a significant role in ensuring sustainable arable crop production. Figure 2: Shows area planted with cereals in China between 1961 and 1998 under principal government agricultural policies (Tong et al., 2003) Organic farming is viewed as a solution to biodiversity conservation and has received substantial support in form of subsidy payments through EU and national government legislation. As a result the certified organic and in-conversion area within the EU increased from 0.7 to 3.3 million ha from 1993 to1999 accounting for 24.1% of global organic land area (Hole et al., 2005). In 2007, 3% of the total UK land area is managed organically (HGCA, 2008). This direct support and intervention through fixation of ceiling and floor prices protects farmers from exploitation at both the domestic and international market hence producing more crops under organic farming whilst conserving the environment. However, enacting of the healthy check on CAP will remove restriction on farmers thus helping them to respond to new market signals, opportunities and challenges (http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/healthcheck/index_en.htm). In SSA the cultivation of GM crops has been hindered due to lack of a biosafety legislation supporting the biotechnology policy that can allow them acquire GM crops from the biotechnology companies that hold the intellectual property rights (Hillocks, 2009). CONCLUSION To ensure sustainable arable crop productivity; agronomic, breeding and institutional or infrastructural factors like increased investment into research and development of appropriate tool and technologies need to be considered.

The Core Aspects of Marketing

The Core Aspects of Marketing Marketing is the activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large. Kotler P Marketing is the set of human activities directed at facilitating and consummating exchanges. CIM The Chartered Institute of Marketing define marketing as The management process responsible for identifying, anticipating and satisfying customer requirements profitably According to my point of view AMA (American Marketing Association) says that marketing is an activity, which an institute does a process like communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings to have a valuable customer or clients. According to my point of view Kotler P says that marketing is a human activity which facilitates in doing their final activity in exchanging their products. According to my point of view CIM (Chartered Institute of Marketing) says that it is a management process which is responsible for identifying and satisfying the customer requirements very usefully. Small history about my selected organization -LG (Lucky Gold star) The company was originally established in 1958 as Gold star, producing Radios, TVs, Refrigerators, Washing machines, and Air Conditioners. (LG-MARKETING-Mix) (http://www.docstoc.com/docs/12163409/LG-MARKETING-Mix) According to these three definitions LG is following AMA (American Marketing Association) definition. AMA defines as marketing as the institution which does the social service to the customers. This is what LG is following; their main aim is also todoa social service to the public. TASK-1.2 Out of the orientations that exist, try to identify to which orientation the organization belongs to and justify your selection with appropriate examples taken from the organization Orientation Orientation means persons attitude or adjustment in relation to a particular event. (Dictionary) Orientation is a function of the mind involving awareness of three dimensions: time, place and person. Problems with orientation lead to disorientation, and can be due to various conditions, from delirium to intoxication. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orientation_(mental) There are four types of orientations those are: Product Orientation Sales Orientation Market Orientation Production Orientation Product Orientation Product orientation means an organization which mainly concentrates on their products to make profits at the same time to fulfill the customers needs. When the production process is going on the employees who are working their will mainly concentrate on the proper packaging method the best quality method. E.g.: If we look upon the example, because of the proper packaging method customers will get attracted to a particular product they will buy it without any hesitation. We can say magi noodles are best examples for that. When a business bases its ability to make profits on the high technical quality of its products, rather than on customer needs. (Lexicon) Sales Orientation Sales orientation means an organization which mainly concentrates on their sales on a particular time period like a year, month and week. In any organizations their main view will be their sales volume their sales cost etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. E.g.: If we look upon the example in sales orientation we can say LGs phone business as a best one, because of their standard products people get attracted they will buy automatically. Market Orientation Marketing orientation means an organization which mainly concentrates on how to market their product to the customers. In this method the organization will target a particular group to increase their profits. E.g.: If we look upon the example in market orientation we can say Babies are a good target group in which we can earn more profits than the other target group. Production Orientation Production orientation means an organization which mainly concentrates in the production line. Where they mainly concentrate on the needs and wants of the target market, rather concerning about the production techniques etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ E.g.: If we look upon the example in production orientation LG is following the Market sales orientation method because to capture the customers to their selves. They are actually targeting their groups at the same time they are producing different products. They are feeling very comfortable with the market orientation method. TASK-1.3 Examine how the selected organization is responding to the emerging new trends and compare the orientations exist in the market place by taking examples. According to LG, new trend system is not a big matter for them because they are always analyzing the customers needs wants according to their environment. LG is an organization which always looks for their opportunities. LG is providing advanced technological equipments to develop their products according to their latest trends, which is available in the market they are proving that they are market oriented organization. Their new technology has proven that is a big driver for the new product development development for their existing products. So, their new technological trends are always proving that their ultimate opportunities to the firms to develop their products in a new way. If we consider about new trends that LG organization had followed to satisfy their customer, we can see several new things that they are using in their organization. There are some examples for it. LG planning to introduce all new experimental e-paper. In the field of electronic display LG organization is in a higher place. Because LG organization is in the field of electronics for nearly 40 years. They are always trying to do new experiments on new technology items. So, LG have planned to introduce two new experimental methods those are e-papers which will be available in the market in the form of a 19 inch flexible e-papers display a 9.7 inch color e-paper display. (LG trends update) LG electronics introduces the worlds slimmest OLED 3D TV at IFA 2010 LG has designed its new product in concord with 2010 borderless TV series home theatre system with new colors patterns. According to the LGs display search method, North Americans Blue-ray players market forecast is bright; in 2009 up to 4.44 million were sold, Blue-ray players expected that it will get sold up to 7.85 million in 2010, but it did not. Because of that they will continue to increase intensely by 17 million by 2012. In response to this huge growth of Blue-ray market, LG has doubled their sales to 2.5 million which followed from last years profit of one million sold. LGs ambitious plan is to sell 1.2 million Blue-rays players to North America, Which is a largest market in the world. One of the biggest names in the field of consumer electronic products, LG Electronics, has taken the IFA 2010 export system in Berlin, Germany; they have taken the 3D revolution to new heights. (LG Trends Updates) LG unveils an all new residential solar power Hybrid Air conditioner Nowadays there is a great concern about Green House gases in the atmosphere about the depletion of the ozone layer. Because of the heavy storm many products are getting green treatment, especially in the consumer electronics good, where now many companies are introducing highly energy well organized products which provides 100% reliability to do their best to save the environment.(LG Trends Updates) LGs Promoting New Blue-ray Players in US Whats LGs grand plan for promoting their new Blue-ray players? Target the US market. LG Electronics launched their brand new inventive Blue-ray players of 2010 at the Consumer Electronics Show (CES). LG electronics has strengthened its strategic alliances by developing the enterprise thus they will target the Blue-ray players market. LGs head Kang shin-ik, said that The combination of our technology and partnerships with content-making corporations has paved the way to control over the Blue-ray players market.(Digital trends) LG will start the source of power to dominate the Blue-ray players in the market of North America; Because of the advanced Blue-ray players they can run the movies, music, can show lots of other entertainment, like showing the weather forecast via internet this a great plus for the organization. Furthermore, we can use various contents by simply pressing the shortcut button on. By the net cast method LG is mechanizing the whole content services which are applied to broadband TV, Blue-ray players the home theatre system. LG introduced the Blue-ray system method in the second half of 2008, which also permitted Netflix contents. We can say that Americas number one online movie rental website is Netflix. Also LG added YouTube, the worlds popular video website of UCC in the first half of last year; their fore all the users can watch the videos in YouTube of the definition of Blue-ray players. As a result LG is providing some usefulness to the customers, where can watch more than 12,000 high-quality movies, TV programs UCC videos etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ This technology method will get uploaded by 13 hours capacity where in their own living room or bedroom. What we have to do is just to click the Blue-ray player it will do all the work for you. LG is further expanding their Blue-ray network. They will expand their Blue-ray system to a higher level thus in the near future. LG is tempting to the Blue-ray player, which is connected to the internet other multimedia devices such as Wi-Fi Digital Living Network Alliance (DLNA). Through this method users can use the network by their PCs they can use to run movies other files. (Digital Trends) Conclusion-In my point of view I would say that always LG is moving to the new trends, because to invent new technologies other items. Their main is to satisfy the customers by their wants according to their environmental culture. TASK-1.4 In your view point explain the cost and benefits of the marketing approach of the selected organization If we see upon this topic this is an interesting exiting topic.Cost benefit of an organization plays a major role in an organization. Cost means how much amount that is paid to purchase a product benefit means how much advantage we too ked from that product. For this procedure organization is using lots of method to increase their benefits. When we are considering about LGs cost benefits procedure they are using different kind of cost techniques at the same time they are also getting the benefits too. If we buy a LCD TV in LG in the big size like 32 inches more we can have a small home theatre system for free. If we buy any high rated product from LG the employees who are working will give a good service to the buyer like taking their product keeping in their vehicle. There are providing best facilities for their customers. Facilities like Air conditioning the full place it means keeping the entire place cool allowing the customers to park their vehicles They are using some new technologies communication method like hoarding, posters, banners other methods to grab the attention of the customers. If we see upon the benefits LG organization is providing to the customers giving special discounts in the festival time. In the above category there are some costs benefits which are provided by LG. The Awards which LG got If we see upon the awards which LG has achieved, we can say many things like LG got the award for the innovative organization for their creative thoughts in the years of 1989-1994. LG got the green products award in 2009 for their step towards better environment. LG got an award of CES wireless handset which is for the electronics. Like this LG organization has got many awards. Customer Satisfaction If we see upon the customer satisfaction level in LG its really good, because all the employees who are working in LG satisfying the customer needs perfectly according to their requirements. For the second consecutive year, LG has got the highest rank in customer satisfaction with the clothes washers dryers according to the J.D Powers method. Market share LG is a worldwide company where moreover employees are working to satisfy the customers. LG has a biggest market share in the world. If we see upon the market share of LG it is having about 65% in the world Strong brand name If we see upon the LG it is a reputed international firm which has a diversified product line in the electronics field, so LG has a strong financial position which is big strength for the firm. Conclusion- In my point of view I would say that LG is charging only few of money, but they are giving lots of benefits to customers. They are getting more awards for their creativeness, satisfying the customers in a best way, keeping a good market share in the world having a strong brand name in the world. TASK-2.1 The macro and micro environmental factor influences of the selected organization marketing activities. Macro Environment Macro environment means the external factors which will affect a companys planning and their performance which are beyond their control. Micro Environment Micro environment is an environment which covers a small area of a particular organization. This studies about the individuals, household and firms that make decisions to all to allocate the limited resources, where goods services are being bought sold. In the micro environment there will be customers, competitors, suppliers the public (marketing Mimi.hu) Macro Micro environment in LG This is the environment which effect the organization externally. By analyzing this environment you can get the opportunity avoid the threads. Macro environment Political factor Economic factor Socio-cultural factor Technological factor Political Factor If we see upon the political factor there is being a major issue in Pakistan. There political conditions have made industry very unstable. Because of that issue all the other LG firms around the world are getting affected. Economic Factor If we see upon the economic factor Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is an important thing to any organization. If the GDP is high then the disposal income will be high at the same time spending power will also increase. So, we have to mainly consider on the inflation method because if the inflation increases products prices will increase this will affect the customers buying pattern, but if the inflation decreases products prices will go down this will help the customers to buy more products at the same time. So we should carefully handle these problems. Socio-Cultural Factor LG is a company which originated from Korea according to that other countries adapted Koreas culture. There are social forms of society which contain of Upper class, middle class lower class. Every country has cultural standards, values, beliefs and religion which can affect the organization. Technological Factor Nowadays we can see that technology is improving a lot. Due to the new technologies internet, communication system other methods are introduced. Because of these technologies people are getting more benefits like sending the messages very quickly by internet, speaking to their relatives other well-known people who are in abroad. Because of the improvement of new technologies LGs products became cheaper their quality of product has been increased. Micro environment of LG Employees The number of employees of LG electronics stood at approximately 82,000 at the end of 2007. Many of the people are working overseas in the LGs firm. The people who are working in overseas should try to increase the localization strategy. In the world 16% of female employees are working as total domestic workforce. The average of the total male female workforce is 33.8 years; totally 0.8% of the disabled people are working in the total workforce. (Market share of LG) Suppliers In the LG firm all the management people are well skilled they are keeping a good relationship with the other members. LG is a qualified organization so they always go to the qualified suppliers. In this all the suppliers are from different countries like China, Italy, France, Japan USA, So supplier is a main part in an organization. LG is getting the supply products from Abans. Customers LG is a worldwide organization, so according to the brand name many customers will come to buy the product to satisfy their needs wants. LGs products are most probably suites for the people who are interested in the product. Competitors In every field we can see there is a big competition among the organizations. If we see upon the competitors in LG there are many of them. We can say Samsung, Sony, Singer, Whirlpool many companies for the competitors. Management Managers are the people who are responsible for the managerial work. So, Managers role is very important to any organization. If we see upon the LG management it is very good in solving its risks. LGs managers are very helpful to the customers, because if there any problem occurs managers will try to understand the customers problem theyll try to solve it. Conclusion- In my point of view I would say that LGs macro micro factors are really helpful to the employees who are working their to the customers who are coming to buy the product. TASK-2.2 Identify and explain the segmentation criteria used in the domestic marketing approach (both B2C and B2B) Segmentation Segmentation means a company which operates in a broader market to target a group of customers with their specific characteristics. In segmentation we cannot satisfy all the customers needs at the same time, because all the customers buying pattern will be varied in according to their requirements. There are four types of segmentation criterias Those are: Geographical Segmentation Demographical Segmentation Psycho graphical Segmentation Behavioral Segmentation Market segmentation of LG is very simple easy to understand. Geographic: If we see upon the LG firm in the region wise they have it in different countries. They are following this method to capture the market all around the world. If we see upon the LG firm in the city wise they have the companies 80 km distance another company to keep up the team sprit among the members. Demographic: Second base is the demographic segmentation method where it will mainly consider about the income level. If the organization is targeting a higher class company LGs segment will be consumers with high income levels. Psychographic: Third base is the psychographic segmentation method where it will considers about the classes like upper class, middle class the lower class. Psychographics includes some variables those are: Activities- If we look upon the activities which are LG is currently doing we can say many things like LG doing after sales service to the customers other activities. Interests-If we see upon the interests that an LG person has, to create new things like creating a new technology item into the market. Behavioral: Behavioral is another method in which where the firm will mainly consider about buyers behavior. In this method the organization will give lots of benefits to the customers like giving the products in a good quality one. Conclusion-In my point of view I would say that segmentation means a company which will have a broader market targets a group of customers who will have the specific characteristics. These four criterias are helping the organization to be in a good position. TASK-2.3 Outline the factors which influence the choice of targeting strategy for the selected organization. Targeting LG has targeted the market on the basis of the product that they are offering to the customer they are also targeting the consumers who are more concerned on their safety health issues. They are Targeting: Upper class segment-Targeting the upper class people who will buy more of the product. Upper end-Targeting the middle class people who will buy a some of product. They are also targeting those consumers who are taking more concern about their life style product. Because LG is a world class company all the consumers are thinking that they need quality products. LG Company is having the LCD plasma television the TV DIOS refrigerator for the premier segment. LG is now going to shift from middle class segment they are moving their product to the mass market. Basis of selecting the Target Market Basis of selecting valuable customers, that means selecting the best customers who are buying their products at LG without looking their costs. LG organization is targeting people like this to earn the profit at the same time to give a good service to the customers. Conclusion- TASK-2.4 Explain the activities undertaken by the organization to influence the buyer decision process and based on your findings explain the organizational and business buyer behavioral characteristics affecting the selected organization. TASK-3.1 Analyze the different product/ services offered by the organization and explain how the products and services are developed in order to achieve a competitive advantage. Product If we see upon the product it is the main important function in the 4ps. LG is striving to gain the market leadership position so they have thought to bring new innovative products to the market. To gain the market leadership position they are introducing new products to the market like the Quadoor refrigerator other new products. If we see the products in LG they have categorized into four that is Digital Appliance, Digital Display, Digital Media, Mobial communication. In this four types we can see which product is in which category, the products are showed below Digital appliance- Air conditioner, Refrigerator, washing machines, vacuum cleaner, Microwave ovens etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Digital Display- TVs, Monitors, video tapes, DVD-R Disc etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Digital media- Optical storage, Audio, notebook, PC, DVD player etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. Mobial communication- Mobial telecommunication, WLL handsets, Telecommunication systems etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ In this four category we can see all the products which are available in LG. we can always expect that the products quality will be good at the same time we can say that that the products will be in the latest technology. TASK-3.2 What are the distribution channels used by the organization in order to increase the customer convenience and evaluate it. Currently LG is using the distribution channel of Pak Electron (Pvt.) Ltd. that is very intensive and strong distribution channel that enables company to make its products available company wide. So there is strong distribution network owned by LG. (LG Quadoor) According to the places of LG it has many outlets in Sri Lanka Distribution channels-Teleseen marketing

Mistaken Identities in The Taming of the Shrew :: Taming Shrew Essays

Mistaken Identities in The Taming of the Shrew       Throughout the play "The Taming of the Shrew," William Shakespeare has utilized several ingenious techniques resulting in an effective piece of work.   One of the more unique and creative methods is the use of mistaken identity.   With the use of mistaken identity, Shakespeare has successfully given the play an element of humor from the beginning to the end.    The mistaken identity within the two induction scenes must have been quite humorous for the upper-class noblemen who watched the play.   In Shakespeare's time, the upper-class often found their amusement in the poorer, more unfortunate lower-class.   Christopher Sly was no exception.   When the lord finds Sly, a drunk beggar, he immediately plots a practical joke to play on him.   The lord, who is very wealthy and obviously has a lot of time on his hands decides to treat Sly as a nobleman and see how he reacts.   In addition to ordering his servants to treat Sly as their master, he too pretends to be a servant.   The most amusing part of this induction occurs when Sly becomes convinced that he is indeed a nobleman.   When he first awakes, he thinks that everyone is playing a joke on him.   After some convincing, Sly gives in and believes that he really was suffering from a long sickness.   When Sly asks the page, who is pretending to be his wife to undress and join him in bed, the audience must have reacted with loud laughter knowing that his 'wife' is actually the same sex as he. Although Sly does not understand the lifestyle of the upper-class, it is quite obvious that he is enjoying it while it lasts.    There are several cases of mistaken identity present in the subplot which involves Bianca and her suitors.   One humorous situation caused by mistaken identity arises in Act I, Scene ii, when several of the characters meet each other.   Here, the audience learns how gullible Gremio is when he is tricked by Lucentio into believing that Lucentio is a schoolmaster.   Gremio does not realize that he is actually giving a fellow competitor an opportunity to court Bianca.   The dramatic irony here is amusing to the audience because they all know that Lucentio is not going to speak highly of Gremio like he had promised.

Essay --

PET/ PETE: Polyethylene Terephthalate 1. Thermoplastic polymer in polyester family, with â€Å"C10H8O4† as empirical formula for its monomer. 2. It exists in two forms: fiber (synthetic) and resin. 3. PET is converted into fiber form by permanent press fabric and bottles by blow molding. 4. Recycling Code: #1 5. PET is not biodegradable and its incineration produces harmful gases which have high potency to air pollution. That’s why recycling it for further use. Properties [1] Density 1.38 g/cc (20 â„Æ') Young's Modulus 2800-3100 MPa Tensile Strength 55-75 MPa Elastic Limit 50-100% Glass Transition Temperature 67-81 â„Æ' Table 1: Properties of Poly-Ethylene Terephthalate. 6. Strength and stiffness of PET exists because of the presence of large aromatic rings in the long chains which results in high resistant to deformation too [2]. 7. PET (waste) used as construction materials: Based on available research in the literature, waste PET (mainly bottles) is recycled in four major ways: I. Waste PET bottles depolymerized into unsaturated polyester resin to produce polymer mortar and polymer concrete [3]. Advantages: †¢ Higher compressive and flexural strength than normal Portland cement. †¢ Modified concrete achieves 80% of its ultimate strength within 1 day. Disadvantages: †¢ Properties of modified cement sensitive to temperature. †¢ Cost for producing this modified concrete is high. II. PET Fiber to reinforce concrete [4]. Advantage: †¢ Enhances the ductility of quasi-brittle concrete. †¢ Reduce the cracking by plastic shrinkage. Disadvantage: †¢ Water Repellent and low surface energy of plastic which result in weak mechanical bonding b/w fiber and concrete. †¢ Poor mechanical bond strength causes internal micro-cracks in the interfacial mechanical... ...s Composites, 21(17): 1597–1607, 2002. 16. A. B. Inceoglu and U. Yilmazer. Synthesis and mechanical properties of unsaturated polyester based nanocomposites. Polym. Eng. Sci., 43(3): 661–669, March 2003. 17. M. S. Devi, V. Murugesan, K. Rengaraj, and P. Anand. Utilization of flyash as filler for unsaturated polyester resin. J. Appl. Polymer Sciences, 69(7): 1385–1391, August 1998. 18. A. B. Cherian and E. T. Thachil. Blends of unsaturated polyester resin with functional elastomers. J. Elastomer Plastics, 35(4):367–380, October 2003. 19. Y. Xu, M. L. Li, Y. Guo, and F. J. Lu. Structure and properties of modified unsaturated polyester resin by nano-TiO2. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 19(6): 578–580, November 2003. 20. E. Kicko-Walczak. New ecological polyester resins with reduced flammability and smoke evolution capacity. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 74(2):379–382, October 1999.

Gap in Gender Pay Essay

INTRODUCTION: Although women are steadily making their mark in the business world and heading major corporations, the question remains, are they still earning less than their male counterparts? Throughout time there has been a definite difference between men and women and their median income. This wage gap cuts across a wide spectrum of occupations. However, in 1963 the Equal Pay Act was signed making it illegal for employers to pay unequal wages to men and women who hold the same job and do the same work. There may be many reasons for this gap in salaries; most of them may not be necessarily based on gender. The following research will investigate what causes the gap in earnings, if any, and examines various factors that may have an effect on the earnings of men and women. I. RESEARCH PURPOSE The purpose of this research is to determine whether or not women who are working the same types of jobs, with the same amount of education and experience are being compensated the same as men. Although women have made a significant pace in entering the workforce and in exploring a wider range of occupations, they may still be treading behind in wages earned compared to their male counterparts. Many years ago, it was thought that because women were not as well educated as men, did not have as much experience as men, and did not work as hard as men that the range of pay should not be the same. This is no longer true and women have been graduating from college at the same rate as men and are working just as hard as men. However, the wage gap between men and women remains and nationally, women earn 77 cents for every $1 earned by men (Head, 2008). Thus, despite a sense of continued progress toward gender equality in the workplace the gap between men and women still persists. The significance of this research issue may reveal an underlying discrimination between the sexes that many may believe has narrowed. The importance in equality of gender pay is not only that it is the right thing to do, but an equitable and competitive pay package improves employee recruitment and retention.  This concept benefits both the employer and the employee, male or female. Nonetheless, as long as this gap remains the more likely this issue will provide a main source of debate among the organizational workforce. II. PROBLEM DEFINITION: The study, by the American Association of University Women Educational Foundation, found that 10 years after college, women earn only 69% of what men earn. (USA Today, 2007) Defining the problem starts with an examination of the evidence to determine how big the gap truly is and whether discrimination is to blame. Essential variables that may have an impact on male-female wage differential such as ethnic background, age, and industry will be measured. Our team will research and find out how big the gap is what could be the cause, factors such as: a). Hours of work- some tend to think that men are more likely to work longer hours. b). Education levels-some tend to think that men on average is higher qualified and women invest less in their education. c). Workforce participation and experience-industries tend to think that women spend less time at work because of their domestic responsibilities to their children and family. The majority of organizations assume that young women are going to leave the workforce when they have children, and therefore will not promote them. d). Why is there such a gap between the amount on a man’s paycheck compared to a woman’s? e). Occupation type- some think women are looking for an easy way out and they tend to seek out and cluster around a few occupations and industries because of the tastes of employers, male employees and customers. f). Are women given the same opportunities for advancement as men? Our team will investigate what percentage of these factors contributes to the difference in pay between these two genders and seek to find out if discrimination plays a part in this pay gap and will the gap disappear through educational achievements. Why do woman not have equal job opportunities? Jobs held by women pay less than jobs held by men, even though the job requires the same education and skills. A newly hired woman will get a lower paying assignment than a man who started working there the same time for the same employer. Not only that also, women do not receive the equal chances in promotions like men. Equal pay has been an issue for all working women for the past few decades. III. RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS While some studies may reflect a sense of continued progress towards gender equality in the workplace, the federal government currently confirms that the workplace earnings gap amongst men and women is still prevalent today (About Management.Com). It is the educated guess of this team that men are paid at a substantially increased rate for performance in positions than women are paid to operate in those same positions. This hypothesis is deducted from observations made from current work situations, random peer discussions, and updated articles. More than forty years after the Federal Equal Pay Act, hard working women are still being paid less than men are on the job. There are numerous speculations that can be made in an attempt to explain this is behavior, such as career selections being made by men and women. Women tend to make decisions about employment based on convenience, meaning that women migrate to positions that will allow for them to maintain a active home life and still maintain a 40 hour work week, whereas men will more than likely trade an active home life for longer work hours, safety risks, frequent travel, longer work hours and extended commuting times to make the higher pay. While these practices may not be fair, they are a reality. The research provided in this paper will lead to three possible outcomes; it will either prove that men are paid at higher rates than women to operate in the same or similar positions, women are paid at higher rates than men to operate in the same or similar position, or men and women break even when it comes to wages and position. References Head, Lauren Lawley. (2008, April 23). Pay Gap Worth Steaming Over: Bizwomen.com. Retrieved April 29, 2008, from http://www.bizjournals.com/bizwomen/index.php/2008/04/23/pay-gap-worth-steaming-over/ Coutts, Justin. (2004, February). Policy Backgrounder, Business Roundtable. Retrieved April 29, 2008 from http://www.nzbr.org.nz/documents/policy/policy-2004/PB_No1.pdf Arndt, Bettina. (2006,October 16). Herald Sun.com. Why Men are paid More. Retrieved April 29, 2008 from http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,20586168-5000117,00.html

Entertainment Industry in Mexico

Overview of Entertainment Industry in Mexico By: Jennifer Tarleton Date: November 15, 2010 GEO 111 World Regional Geography Instructor: David Harris South Piedmont Community College TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Actors and ComediansP. 1 II. Singers and MusiciansP. 2 III. Production CompaniesP. 3 IV. BibliographyP. 5 Business is booming for Mexico's entertainment industry. Mexico promotes itself as choice destination for filmmakers, but problems threaten to stunt industry's growth. The entertainment industry in Mexico faces two serious challenges.The first challenge is to generate an environment that the entertainment industry can prosper and second, to protect intellectual property. A stable business environment is vital to the success of the entertainment industry in Mexico. I. Actors, Comedians, Films The history of Mexican cinema goes back to the ending of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th but some movies have rediscovered just recently. The â€Å"silent film† industry in Mexico produced several movies; however, many of the films up to the 1920s have been lost and were not well-documented.The Mexican cinema golden era occurred during the 1940s. The origin of early filmmaking is generally associated with Salvador Toscano Barragan. Toscano compiled the country's first fictional film, titled Don Juan Tenorio. By 1906, 16 movie salons opened their doors to accommodate the popularity of cinema in Mexico City. Actors such as Pedro Infante, Jorge Negrete, Cantinflas, Joaquin Pardave, Maria Felix, and Dolores del Rio gained their recognition. The themes during these years touched all aspects of Mexican society. The majority of the productions were comedies and dramas.Mexico's most famous contribution to popular cinema is perhaps the beautiful Mexican actress Salma Hayek who has endeared herself to thousands of fans across the world. Hayek is the first Mexican national to be nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actress. She is one of the most prominent Mexican figures in Hollywood. Some of today’s most popular comedians also have Mexican roots. George Lopez is one of the top five highest grossing comedians in the world. Lopez, a Mexican-American, was deserted by his father at birth but was raised by his maternal grandmother.Lopez has received several honors for his work and contributions to the Latino community. In September 2004, George was honored with the â€Å"Spirit of Liberty Award† presented by People for the American Way. In August 2005, Time magazine recognized George as one of â€Å"The 25 Most Influential Hispanics in America†. Another large sector of the entertainment industry in Mexico is the adult entertainment industry. The adult entertainment industry in Mexico is worth around one billion US dollars, and employs around 20,000 in direct and indirect jobs.While this entertainment industry produces revenue it also causes problems. Many film stars were diagnosed with various sexually transmitted di seases, including HIV. II. Singers and Musicians Mexico has a rich musical history. Mexico has a musical history that is full of cultural contrasts, with many different musical styles and influences. The popularity of the Mexican music goes back to the 16th century. Mexico's musical tradition shows strong folk as well as modern influences. However, the various music traditions have managed to unite Mexican society into one popular musical culture.Modern Mexico's music lovers are equally swayed by the tunes and rhythm of traditional music like mariachi and ranchero songs as well as by the Latino beats of hip-hop and salsa. The music industry has also brought considerable economic advancement to Mexico-generating jobs, bringing long-term investment and spawning a number of parallel businesses related to the industry (e. g. , recording studios and radio stations). Mexican music is popular in not only in Mexico but also in America and Europe.The famous Mexican American singers and music ians are playing a crucial role in keeping their traditions alive. The Mexican music is lively and offers pure entertainment. The singers like Jade Esteban Estrada, Selena, La Mafia, Roy Benavidez, Freddy Fender, Hector P. Gracia are some of the famous contemporary singers. III. Production Companies Mexico has a flourishing film industry and has produced a number of internationally acclaimed film directors. â€Å"There's no question that Mexico is one of the brightest hopes for the future of our company †¦ It's one of five key global markets. (Sumner Redstone) Redstone is the chairman and CEO of the entertainment conglomerate Viacom. Viacom’s holdings include MTV, Nickelodeon and Blockbuster Video. Redstone is optimistic about the prospects of connecting with Mexican audiences and growing with the market in coming years. Mexico is also building its reputation as a destination for filming. According to Kevin Trehy, executive producer for Warner Brothers Productions, the real value of Mexico being used as a location shoot is that the local community reaps benefits at a rate four times the cost of production.Miguel Angel Davila, president of Cinemex, a national chain of movie theaters, sees growth potential for his business in Mexico too. Many films raise many unanswered and perhaps unanswerable questions about where Mexico has been and where its people, politics, and culture are headed.V. BIBLIOGRAPHY http://www. museumstuff. com/learn/topics/Mexico_City::sub::Culture http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/George_Lopez http://latinmusic. about. com/od/countrie1/p/PROBASICS17. htm http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Film_industry